This comprehensive study offers a systematic examination of Tsha-tshas excavated from the historic site of Khara-Khoto. Through detailed collation and analysis, the book traces the origins of Tsha-tshas from early stupa forms and explores their production techniques, ritual functions, and dissemination across regions.

Focusing on the rich archaeological findings from Khara-Khoto, the work classifies the recovered Tsha-tshas, analyzes their stylistic evolution, and situates them within the broader context of Buddhist practice during the Western Xia and Yuan periods. A significant portion is dedicated to comparative studies, contrasting Khara-Khoto’s Tsha-tshas with those from Gansu and Ningxia, as well as with related clay figurines and stupas from Central China. These comparisons reveal distinctive regional characteristics while highlighting interconnected cultural and religious exchanges.

In addition, the volume delves into the diverse Buddhist traditions that flourished at Khara-Khoto, supported by an analysis of recovered scriptures, tantric mandalas, and Buddhist imagery. It sheds light on the coexistence of various Buddhist schools and the significant influence of Tibetan Buddhism.

The text is supplemented with a visual appendix featuring plates of Tsha-tshas from different times in China, providing an invaluable reference for researchers and enthusiasts alike. This work not only presents an organized corpus of material from Khara-Khoto but also contributes to the understanding of how Buddhist art and belief were practiced and propagated along the Silk Road.

Text in Chinese, profusely illustrated.

2020, Gansu Culture Publishing House, hardcover, 142 pp., as new.